Boseeinstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized by the award of the 2001 nobel prize in physics. Boseeinstein condensation of an ideal gas an ideal gas consisting of noninteracting bose particles is a. Boseeinstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity. Various theoretical approaches to describing the physics of interacting bosons and of interacting fermi gases, giving rise to. Only 50% of pairs are bose einstein condensed at zero temperature strongly interacting gas. Pdf the theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases.
Exact theory for t0 weakly interacting bose gases follows from schrodinger equation. Nov 20, 2015 boseeinstein condensation vulgarisation. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting. Boseeinsteincondensation letn n c v l3 c g 32z ebe 0n l 3 c 2. A diffusive behaviour of the goldstone mode is found in the spatially homogeneous case and new features are. Bose einstein condensation of 7li has been studied in a magnetically trapped gas. We introduce measurements of ground state, tunnelling and dynamical properties as well as investigations of atom optical applications and thermodynamical properties. Bose einstein condensation bec is a mechanism for producing a macroscopic quantum system, and is exemplary of the macroscopic quantum phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. Various properties of these systems are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground state configurations, the. These include the concept of long range order, the behaviour of the eigenvalues of the 1body density matrix and the concept of order parameter as a classical field. In preparation for the numerics we scale the 3d grosspitaevskii equation and obtain a fourparameter model. Lev pitaevskii, senior researcher, university of trento,sandro stringari, professor of theoretical physics, university of trento lev p. He has developed in a systematic way the sum rule approach to. In particular the recent experiments carried out at mit on 23na 2 and at jila on.
In a fermi gas, bose einstein condensation of pairs was measured by ramping the scattering length to the bec side and detecting the resulting bimodal distribution condensation of pairs measured at unitarity 1a0 as a function of temperature. A theoretical overview institute of theoretical physics. Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price of physics 2001 about boseeinstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28 c stefan kienzle. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized. P pitaevskii and s stringari theory of bose einstein condensation. Nov 24, 2010 boseeinstein condensation has been observed in several physical systems, but is not predicted to occur for blackbody radiation such as photons. Josephson junction arrays provide a physical realization of this mechanism. Measurements of the coherent atomic current in an array of josephson junctions and the.
Universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by nick. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity key concepts in low temperature physics. Linear response theory for gross pitaevskii equation. I a mean eld approach leads to the gross pitaevskii equation which has to be ful lled by the singleparticle wave functions in order to minimize the total energy in the system. Aauniversity of illinois at urbanachampaign, abuniversity of illinois at urbanachampaign, acuniversity of illinois at urbanachampaign publication. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference. Bose einstein condensation is a fundamental phenomenon of nature. The book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. Composite structure of vortices in twocomponent bose. Ultracold atomic gases is a rapidly developing area of physics that attracts many young researchers around the world. Bose einstein condensates confined in traps exhibit unique features which have been the object of extensive experimental and theoretical studies in the last few years. The experimental realization of bose einstein condensation bec in atomic gases 1 con. In 1925 einstein predicted that at low temperatures particles in a gas could all reside in the same quantum state. We study the numerical solution of the timedependent grosspitaevskii equation gpe describing a bose einstein condensate bec at zero or very low temperature.
Boseeinstein condensation in this section we discuss the thermodynamic properties of the ideal bose gas. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity hardcover. A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter also called the fifth state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero 273. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions an excellent text such as this is. We have developed a meanfield model to describe the dynamics of a nonequilibrium bose einstein condensate of excitonpolaritons in a semiconductor microcavity. Boseeinstein condensation remains, however, fundamental to the superfluid properties of helium4. Grosspitaevskii equation in boseeinstein condensates. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity ebook, 2016. Gross pitaevskii equation in boseeinstein condensates. These 15 papers provide an introduction to current work on bec. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. Download pdf bose einstein condensation free online.
Some of the assumptions of the gross pitaevskii equation gpe are. The condensate is actually a new state of matter, where quantummechanical wave functions of. Boseeinstein condensates in a 1d optical lattice arxiv. Since the experimental demonstration of bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases there has been an explosion of interest in the properties of this novel macroscopic quantum system. This book is an introductory text to the physics of boseeinstein condensation.
Nls equation has been studied for decades in the various fields of nonlinear optics 66, bose einstein condensation 93 or fluid dynamics 68. The system is analyzed in a combination of a thermodynamic and a gross pitaevskii gp limit where the trap frequency \\omega\, the temperature t, and the particle number n are related by \n \sim t \omega3 \to\infty\ while the scattering length is so small that the. Download pdf bose einstein condensates and atom lasers. Conclusions i below a critical temperature t c bose einstein condensation takes place. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases arxiv.
Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity oxford. We study certain stationary and timeevolution problems of trapped bose einstein condensates using the numerical solution of the gross pitaevskii equation with. The early experiments on bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three longstanding goals. Cambridge core condensed matter physics, nanoscience and mesoscopic physics universal themes of bose einstein condensation edited by nick p. Using radiofrequency spectroscopy, we probed the energy, spectral width, and shortrange correlations of the impurities as a function of temperature. This gaseous state, a bose einstein condensate, was produced in the laboratory for the first time in 1995 and investigating such condensates is one of the most active areas in contemporary physics.
S stringari ultracold atomic gases is a rapidly developing field of physics that attracts many young researchers around the world. The discovery of boseeinstein condensation mathematical description of bose einstein condensates experimental results boseeinstein condensation lukassebeke university of stuttgart. We consider the case of spinless bosons so there is no spin factor in the density of states of section 4. The aim of the infmcnr research and development center on boseeinstein condensation bec is to promote theoretical research on the various phenomena related to boseeinstein condensation and to the physics of cold atomic gases in traps. Bose einstein condensates portant, since bec in lower dimensions is not as simple as in 3d. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity in trapped. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions an excellent text such as this is needed in these exciting times. The interacting bose gas with repulsive potential is considered in the polymer representation and some of the yet unsolved mathematical questions for establishing the existence of bose condensation in this setting are discussed. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity oxford scholarship. He has developed in a systematic way the sum rule approach to the collective behavior of interacting systems. Sandro stringari at the university of t rento italy. Bose einstein condensates of dilute gases offer a rich field to study fundamental quantummechanical processes, manipulation of the speed at which light propogates, observation of atomic pair. Bose einstein condensates of excitonpolaritons have been stabilized in a range of crystalline systems.
Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases in 1925 einstein. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other. A new boseeinstein condensate created at aalto university duration. Bose einstein condensation definition, a phase of matter in which all bosons in a given physical system have been cooled to a temperature near absolute zero and enter the same quantum state. Boseeinstein condensation of atomic gases phys ens. Here, we created bose polarons near quantum criticality by immersing atomic impurities in a bose einstein condensate bec with nearresonant interactions. Solution to the bose einstein condensation problem gross pitaevskii equations in 3d using fourier transforms. This volume introduces the basic concepts of bose einstein condensation and superfluidity. Superfluid helium4 is a liquid rather than a gas, which means that the interactions between the atoms are relatively strong.
Theory and experiment springerverlag berlin heidelberg p. Roomtemperature boseeinstein condensation of cavity. This book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. Since 1999, a number of other atomic gases have been shown to demonstrate be condensation, including sodium, lithium, and hydrogen. Stringari this book is an introductory text to the physics of bose einstein condensation. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. Boseeinstein condensation in atomic gases ios press ebooks. It is thought to have played a part in the evolution of the early universe when the particles and forces formed, and the outer layers of a neutron star may well consist of a bec of exotic subatomic particles. Numerical solution of the grosspitaevskii equation for. Bose einstein condensation bose einstein condensation in atomic gases.
Providing a useful introduction to one of the most exciting field of physics today, this text will be of interest. Gross pitaevskii equation for the order parameter and beyond cnrinfm. In this lecture we give an overview on current experiments on bose einstein condensation bec in a onedimensional 1d optical lattice. Sandro stringari is an italian theoretical physicist, who has contributed to the theory of quantum manybody physics, including atomic nuclei, quantum liquids and ultracold atomic bose and fermi gases.
Bose einstein condensation definition of bose einstein. It makes special reference to the physics of ultracold atomic gases. This book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in. Theory of ultracold atomic fermi gases stefano giorgini, lev p. Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity from a. Assuming the unscaled potential to be sufficiently weak, we prove complete boseeinstein condensation for the ground state and for manybody states with finite excitation energy in the limit of large n with a uniform. Boseeinstein condensation in a dilute, trapped gas at. Bose einstein condensation and superfluidity international series of monographs on physics series by lev pitaevskii. In this paper i will discuss some issues concerning the behaviour of the order parameter and the dynamic and superfluid effects exhibited by such systems. A good reference is the book bose einstein condensation in dilute gases by pethick and smith.
The former work considers the case of simple integrator sde dynamics for a particular class of mfgs, which shows strong analogies with the nonlinear schrodinger and explicitly treating the grosspitaevskii equation. Series of monographs on physics oxford university press 2003. We show that spatial bose einstein condensation of noninteracting bosons occurs in dimension d 2 over discrete structures with inhomogeneous topology and with no need of external confining potentials. A strong boost to the investigation of boseeinstein condensates was. Boseeinstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of.
Shock waves in quasi onedimensional boseeinstein condensate. Bose einstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. Proceedings of the international school of quantum electronics 27th course on bose einstein condensates and atom lasers, october 1924, 1999, erice, italy. The remainder is devoted specifically to the dilute alkali gases. Nevertheless, such a mathematical model provides the simplest example for the realization of boseeinstein condensation. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925, has been realized experimentally in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments whose importance has been recognized by the award of the 2001 nobel prize in physics. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity international.
This is the first book devoted to boseeinstein condensation bec as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. Boseeinstein condensation of exciton polaritons nature. We consider an interacting, dilute bose gas trapped in a harmonic potential at a positive temperature. Frantzeskakis, professor ricardo carreterogonzalez eds.
Boseeinstein condensation in inhomogeneous josephson arrays. Lev pitaevskii and sandro stringari, oxford university press, oxford, 2003. We study analytically and numerically the generation of shock waves in a quasionedimensional boseeinstein condensate bec made of dilute and ultracold alkalimetal atoms. Recent major progress in atomic quantum gases main object of the present course 2bec can be defined at equilibrium superfluidity mainly related to transport phenomena natural link between bec and superfluidity provided by order parameter. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other. Emergent nonlinear phenomena in boseeinstein condensates. This is the first book devoted to bose einstein condensation bec as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. Einstein 192425 extended bose s idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas i w. Complete boseeinstein condensation in the grosspitaevskii.
Written by world renowned experts in the field, this book gives a comprehensive overview of exciting developments in bose einstein condensation and superfluidity from a theoretical perspective. The book is an introductory text to the physics of boseeinstein condensation. Mathematical theory and numerical methods for boseeinstein. Although first proposed by einstein in 1924, boseeinstein condensation bec in a gas was not achieved until 1995 when, using a combination of laser cooling. I a mean eld approach leads to the gross pitaevskii equation. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases physical. This phenomenon, first predicted by einstein in 1925 has been. The spectrum of elementary excitations around the stationary state is analytically studied in different geometries. Sep 28, 2006 boseeinstein condensation bec, a form of matter first postulated in 1924, has famously been demonstrated in dilute atomic gases at ultralow temperatures. Brief bec research history milestones 1924 prediction of bec by a. Excitations in a nonequilibrium boseeinstein condensate. Sandro stringari university of trento 1 introduction to bose einstein condensation 3. Fermi, varenna, july 2008 polariton boseeinstein condensation.
By continuing to use pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the cookies policy. Now, polaritons are shown to condense at room temperature using a microcavity within an. In this lecture some basic concepts of bose einstein condensation bec were discussed. Bose einstein condensation by stringari and pitaevskii. Pitaevskii is a researcher at the cnr trento research center on bose einstein condensation and at the kapitza institute for physical problems in moscow. Jump to content jump to main navigation jump to main navigation. Boseeinstein condensation by pitaevskii and coauthor sandro stringari, who is another major contributor to the recent theoretical literature, reflects the brief history just sketched. This volume introduces the basic concepts of boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity.
783 521 12 149 300 527 992 645 600 1415 92 246 351 629 664 1183 1102 1209 208 304 710 274 360 634 626 1169 1473 1323 824 833 1144 819 624 1360 1393 1285 345 394 1149